03.09.2019

"Бабушка из Норвегии"
Даны четыре норвежских слова: farmor, farfar, mormor, morfar.
Первое из них можно перевести на русский язык как «бабушка», но в хороших норвежско-русских словарях обычно проводится более точное его значение.

Задание

Переведите норвежские слова на русский и английский.

https://ap-support.jimdofree.com/presentation-tips/

https://ap-support.jimdofree.com/maps-page-01/

1. Make a Presentation about a linguistic authority (Ferdinand de Saussure or Wilhelm von Humboldt)

Use Presentation Tips below.

https://ap-support.jimdofree.com/presentation-tips/

SOME MORE HINTS ON YOUR PRESENTATION

2. Explore the World of Languages of Russia

https://ap-support.jimdofree.com/maps-page-01/

TASK ONE

Get ready with your individual or Group presentations. 

Pay attention to demands to the structure and content.

TASK TWO

Pay attention to names of laguages /English spelling; transcription/

Pay attention to typological traits of languages.

Pay attention to specifuc traits of some languages of interest.

Get ready for dictation.

EXTRA LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Task One

Watch the video.

Follow the presentation LINK

Task Two

Get ready to answer the questions.

http://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/28669/1/978-5-7996-1213-9_2014.pdf

Your first CAN DO outcomes 

include your ability to

1. describe and discuss theories related to human language;
2. discuss the concept of language and the differences and similarities between language and communication;
3. discuss the similarities and differences between acquiring a first language and learning a second language.

Review theory of sign, language and linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure and get ready to answer questions.

Try to be specific, not just exhaustive, answering the questions.    

A. A Short List of Questions for your consideration and rumination:

1. What major Families of Languages can you name?
2. What Families of Languages of Russia do you know? How many languages are there in Russia? Can you name five of them most spoken?
3. What is Linguistics according to Ferdinand de Saussure? What is the subject of Linguistics? What is the object of Linguistics? 
4. What is the relation between linguistics and semiology? How do they differ?
5. What is a Sign? What is a Sign structure according to Ferdinand de Saussure? What is a liguistic Sign "value"?
6. What is Arbitrariness of Linguistic Sign? Can it be argued? Find examples in disproof and in support of it. 
7. What is the difference between language (French 'la langue') and speech (French 'la parole')?
8. What is Commutation test?
9. What is the difference between syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis?
10. What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics?
11. What is Descriptive Linguistic Approach  according to Leonard Bloomfield? LINK

A short list of languages for dictation

·         Afghan ['æfgæn] = Pashto ['pʌʃtəʊ]

·         Afrikaans [ˌæfrɪ'kɑːn(t)sˌ -'kɑːnz]

·         Arabic 

·         Archi 

·         Azerbaijani 

·         Bashkir 

·         Basque (/bæsk, bɑːsk/ or euskara [eus̺ˈkaɾa])

·         Bengali 

·         Breton 

·         Buryat (or Buriat)

·         Byelorussian [

·         Cantonese 

·         Chuvash 

·         Czech 

·         Danish 

·         English

·         Estonian or Esthonian 

·         Faroese = Faeroese

·         Farsi 

·         Finnish

·         French

·         Frisian 

·         Gaelic

·         Gaulish 

·         German 

·         Gothic 

·         Greek

·         Hebrew 

·         Hindi 

·         Hittite 

·         Icelandic

·         Irish 

·         Kalmuck or Kalmyk 

·         Karelian 

·         Kasub 

·         Kazakh 

·         Kyrgyz 

·         Latin 

·         Lettish 

·         Lithuanian

·         Macedonian 

·     

·         Magyar 

·         Mandarin

·         Manx 

·         Moldavian 

·         Norse 

·         Old Church Slavonic 

·         Ossetic

·         Polish 

·         Provençal 

·         Rhaeto-Romanic / Rhaeto-Romance 

·         Romanian

·         Russian 

·         Sanskrit 

·         Scots

·         Scottish / Scotch

·         Serbo-Croat 

·         Slovak 

·         Slovenian / Slovene 

·         Spanish 

·         Swedish 

·         Tajik 

·         Tatar

·         Turkish 

·         Uighur  

·         Ukrainian 

·         Urdu 

·         Uzbek 

·         Walloon 

·         Welsh

·         Yakut

·         Yiddish 

Review the languages of the world

https://ap-support.jimdofree.com/maps-page-02/

and do the exercise below

Answer the questions (pp. 13-17)

Введение в языкознание : практикум : [учеб.-метод. пособие] / [сост. Е. Л. Березович, Н. В. Кабинина,, О. В. Мищенко;  науч. ред. М. Э. Рут] ; М-во образования и науки Рос. Федерации, Урал. федер. ун-т. – Екатеринбург : Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2014. – 100 с

Темы 4-5, pp. 13-17.. 

Не забудьте повторить основные языки России и мира.

First read about Grimm's Law

Briefly summarized, Grimm’s Law suggests:

1) Proto-Indian-European voiceless plosives [*p, *t, *k] became voiceless fricatives [*f, *θ, *h] in the Germanic languages;

2) Proto-IndianEuropean voiced plosives [*b, *d, *g] became voiceless plosives [*p, *t, *k]; and

3) ProtoIndian-European aspirates [*bh , *dh , *g h ] became voiced plosives [*b, *d, *g] or fricatives [*β, *ð, *ɣ] in Proto-germanic (depending on the contexts).

Watch the video and get ready for the test.

Make a Group Presentation on one of the following topics:

1. Languages of Caucasus ['kɔːkəsəs] (Describe Groups and Families of languages, General traits of languages of Caucasus)
2. Decoding Ancient Languages in XIX Century (Egyptian, Persian etc.)
3. Morphological Types of Languages
4. Phonological Types of Languages
5. Language Universals /UNIVERSALIA/ 

•  Language universals  

Make an individual Presentation on one of the following topics:

1. Syntactic Typology of Languages
2. System of phonological oppositions /by N.S. Troubetskoy/.
3. Proto-Indo-European
4. Volapuk
5. Esperanto [ˌespə'ræntəu]

MEMO

Analytic language, any language that uses specific grammatical words, or particles, rather than inflection, to express syntactic relations within sentences. An analytic language is commonly identified with an isolating language , since the two classes of language tend to coincide. Typical examples are Vietnamese and Classical Chinese, which are analytic and isolating. Analytic language is to be contrasted with synthetic language.

Inflection, in linguistics, the change in the form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case. English inflection indicates noun plural (cat, cats), noun case (girl, girl’s, girls’), third person singular…

Isolating language, a language in which each word form consists typically of a single morpheme. Examples are Classical Chinese (to a far greater extent than the modern Chinese languages) and Vietnamese. An isolating language tends also to be an analytic language (q.v.), so that the terms isolating and analytic are…

Synthetic language, any language in which syntactic relations within sentences are expressed by inflection (the change in the form of a word that indicates distinctions of tense, person, gender, number, mood, voice, and case) or by agglutination (word formation by means of morpheme, or word unit, clustering). 

Latin is an example of an inflected language; Hungarian and Finnish are examples of agglutinative languages.

Agglutination, a grammatical process in which words are composed of a sequence of morphemes (meaningful word elements), each of which represents not more than a single grammatical category. This term is traditionally employed in the typological classification of languages. Turkish, Finnish, and Japanese are among the languages that form words by agglutination. The Turkish term ev-ler-den “from the houses” is an example of a word containing a stem and two word elements; the stem is ev- “house,” the element -ler- carries the meaning of plural, and -den indicates “from.” In Wishram, a dialect of Chinook (a North American Indian language), the word ačimluda (“He will give it to you”) is composed of the elements a- “future,” -č- “he,” -i- “him,” -m- “thee,” -1- “to,” -ud- “give,” and -a “future.”

Agglutinating languages contrast with inflecting languages, in which one word element may represent several grammatical categories, and also with isolating languages, in which each word consists of only one word element.

Most languages are mixtures of all three types.

REVISION EXERCISES 

Дополнительное задание

Support

TASK 01

Get ready to write a short test and dictation.

Please, try not only to provide sound spelling and transcription (varieties included!), but also to specify macro-family, family as well as branch and subbranch of languages.

Try and give extra information about countries, location, approximate number of native speakers, typological peculiarities of languages (for example, such as polysynthetic, analytic, isolating, synthetic, fusional or agglutinative type, standard word order, role of intonation, predominant writing system etc.).

Pay attention to such typological details as

polysemy or haplosemy, harmony of vowels or consonants. 

You might also use some historical or cultural facts reference to explain some peculiarities of languages.   

TASK 02

Get ready to present the second collective presentation on the chosen topic (unless you can't do it till 29th of October).

Get ready to present your personal presentation on the chosen topic (unless you can't do it till 29th of October).

Do try to provide useful information and good questions for the audience.

Decide for yourself if you want to rewrite your test or not. 

Keep in mind that it is likely to take some your extracurricular time.

TASK 03

Name the predominant functions of human language in the following specimen of saying.

(1) "Hello, darling! Where have you been?"

(2) "Amīcus cognoscitur amōre, more, ore, re ."/Latin/

(3) "Sapere aude!"  /Latin/

(4) "Cave canem!"  /Latin/

(5) "Don''t give up!"

(6) "And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before";

(7) "There was an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart"

(8) "... The kitchen-hearth had an old-fashioned breadth, depth, and spaciousness, far within which lay what seemed the butt of a good-sized oak-tree, with the moisture bubbling merrily out of both ends. It was now half-an-hour beyond dusk."

(9) "I'm still in love with you, oh, Shooting star..."

(10) "I'm sorry

I took your time 

I am the poem that doesn't rhyme..."

(11) "I was wondering if you could help me."

(12) "One must distinguish here between the set of possible human sounds, which constitutes the area of phonetics proper, and the set of system sounds used in a given human language, which constitutes the area of phonology."

(13) "Newspeak" is a term coined in George Orwell's "1984" to describe the vocabulary in a totalitarian society, in which words are crafted to control the mind. For example, the term "theory of evolution" exists on about 1.8 million sites, according to Google, but is censored as a legitimate term on Wikipedia.The Wikipedia police do not want anyone to think that evolution is a theory rather than fact." https://www.conservapedia.com/Wikipedia_Newspeak

Дополнительное задание

Ниже выписаны в три колонки соответствующие друг другу слова трёх родственных языков. Некоторые слова пропущены.

Задание.

Заполните пропуски в колонках нужными словами.

A HINT FOR PERFORMING ADDITIONAL TASK

Before starting to fill in the blank spaces try to elicit the formula of regular correspondences between different languages, presented in the columns.

ANNOUNCEMENT 1

1. Dear students, you can rewrite your Dictation in Languages at 10 sharp on Saturday, October 26, 2019 (meeting at 358).  

ANNOUNCEMENT 2

2. Dear students, you can rewrite your Review Test Dictation at 10 sharp on Tuesday, October 29, 2019 (358).  

ANNOUNCEMENT 3

3. Dear monitors, I am waiting for your Group Portfolios till Monday Evening, 19:00, October 28, 2019.

Please, send it to aa.bogatyrev@mpgu.edu  

ANNOUNCEMENT 4

4. Review Questions to get ready with by October 29, 2019.